Omazibuthe bayizinto ezithakazelisayo esezithathe umcabango womuntu amakhulu eminyaka. Kusukela kumaGreki asendulo kuya kososayensi banamuhla, abantu baye bamangazwa indlela ozibuthe abasebenza ngayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwabo okuningi. Ozibuthe baphakade bawuhlobo lukazibuthe olugcina izici zalo zikazibuthe ngisho nalapho ungekho endaweni yangaphandle kazibuthe.sizohlola isayensi engemuva kozibuthe abangunaphakade nezinkundla kazibuthe, okuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwazo, izakhiwo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo.
Isigaba 1: Iyini I-Magnetism?
I-Magnetism ibhekisela endaweni ebonakalayo yezinto ezithile ezivumela ukuthi zihehe noma zixoshe ezinye izinto ngensimu kazibuthe. Lezi zinto kuthiwa zikazibuthe noma zinezakhiwo kazibuthe.
Izinto zikazibuthe zibonakala ngokuba khona kwezizinda kazibuthe, okuyizifunda ezincane kakhulu lapho izinkambu kazibuthe zama-athomu ngamanye ziqondaniswe khona. Uma lezi zizinda ziqondaniswe kahle, zidala inkambu kazibuthe enkulu engatholwa ngaphandle kwezinto.
Izinto zikamagnetic zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezimbili: i-ferromagnetic kanye ne-paramagnetic. Izinto zokwakha ze-Ferromagnetic zinamandla kazibuthe, futhi zifaka insimbi, i-nickel, ne-cobalt. Bayakwazi ukugcina izakhiwo zabo kazibuthe ngisho nalapho ingekho insimu yangaphandle kazibuthe. I-Paramagnetic materials, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ayinamandla kazibuthe futhi ihlanganisa izinto ezifana ne-aluminium neplatinamu. Zibonisa kuphela izici kazibuthe lapho zingaphansi kwenkundla kazibuthe yangaphandle.
I-Magnetism inezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezisebenzayo ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke, kufaka phakathi izinjini zikagesi, amajeneretha, nama-transformer. Izinto zikamagnetic nazo zisetshenziswa kumadivayisi okugcina idatha njengama-hard drive, nakubuchwepheshe bokuthwebula bezokwelapha obufana ne-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Isigaba 2: Izinkambu Zezibuthe
Izinkambu zikazibuthe ziyisici esibalulekile sikazibuthe futhi zichaza indawo ezungeze uzibuthe noma intambo ephethe manje lapho amandla kazibuthe angatholwa khona. Lezi zinkambu azibonakali, kodwa imiphumela yazo ingabonwa ngokuhamba kwezinto ezibonakalayo kazibuthe noma ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinkundla kazibuthe nezikagesi.
Izinkambu zikazibuthe zidalwe ngokuhamba kwamashaji kagesi, njengokugeleza kwama-electron ocingweni noma ukujikeleza kwama-electron ku-athomu. Isiqondiso namandla wendawo kazibuthe kunqunywa ukuma nokunyakaza kwalezi zindleko. Isibonelo, kukazibuthe webha, inkambu kazibuthe inamandla kakhulu ezigxotsheni futhi ibuthakathaka kakhulu enkabeni, futhi isiqondiso sensimu sisuka esigxotsheni esisenyakatho kuya esigxotsheni esiseningizimu.
Amandla wezibuthe ngokuvamile akalwa ngamayunithi e-tesla (T) noma i-gauss (G), futhi isiqondiso senkambu singachazwa kusetshenziswa umthetho ongakwesokudla, othi uma isithupha sesandla sokudla sikhomba isiqondiso samanje, khona-ke iminwe izogoqa iqonde endaweni yamagnetic.
Izinkambu zikazibuthe zinezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezisebenzayo, okuhlanganisa kumamotho namajeneretha, imishini ye-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), kanye nakumadivaysi okugcina idatha afana nama-hard drive. Zibuye zisetshenziswe ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene zesayensi nezobunjiniyela, njengezisheshisi zezinhlayiyana kanye nezitimela zikamagnetic levitation.
Ukuqonda ukuziphatha kanye nezakhiwo zezinkambu kazibuthe kubalulekile emikhakheni eminingi yokufunda, okuhlanganisa i-electromagnetism, i-quantum mechanics, nesayensi yezinto zokwakha.
Isigaba sesi-3: Ukwakhiwa Kozibuthe Abahlala Phakade
Umazibuthe ongunaphakade, owaziwa nangokuthi "into ebonakalayo kazibuthe yaphakade" noma "izinto zikazibuthe unomphela," ngokuvamile wakhiwa inhlanganisela yezinto ze-ferromagnetic noma ze-ferrimagnetic. Lezi zinto zikhethwa ngenxa yekhono lazo lokugcina inkambu kazibuthe, ezivumela ukuthi zikhiqize umphumela ozibuthe ongaguquki ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Izinto ezivame kakhulu ze-ferromagnetic ezisetshenziswa kozibuthe unomphela yinsimbi, i-nickel, ne-cobalt, engaxutshwa nezinye izakhi ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zazo kazibuthe. Isibonelo, ozibuthe be-neodymium bawuhlobo lukazibuthe oluyivelakancane olwenziwa yi-neodymium, insimbi, ne-boron, kuyilapho omazibuthe be-samarium cobalt bakhiwa i-samarium, i-cobalt, insimbi, nethusi.
Ukwakheka kwezibuthe ezihlala njalo kungase kuthonywe izici ezifana nezinga lokushisa ezizosetshenziswa kulo, amandla afiswayo nesiqondiso senkundla kazibuthe, kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye ozibuthe bangase baklanyelwe ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphakeme, kanti abanye bangase baklanyelwe ukukhiqiza insimu enamandla kazibuthe iqonde lapho ibheka khona.
Ngokungeziwe ezintweni zabo eziyinhloko kazibuthe, ozibuthe abangapheli bangaphinda bahlanganise izinto zokumboza noma izendlalelo ezivikelayo ukuze bavikele ukugqwala noma ukulimala, kanye nokubunjwa nokwenza imishini ukuze bakhe umumo nosayizi abathile ukuze basetshenziswe ezinhlelweni ezihlukene.
Isigaba 4: Izinhlobo Zozibuthe Ezihlala Njalo
Ozibuthe baphakade bangahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo eziningana ngokusekelwe ekwakhiweni kwabo, izakhiwo kazibuthe, kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza. Nazi ezinye zezinhlobo ezijwayelekile zozibuthe baphakade:
1.Ozibuthe be-Neodymium: Lezi zibuthe zomhlaba eziyivelakancane zenziwe nge-neodymium, i-iron, ne-boron, futhi ziwuhlobo oluqinile lukazibuthe oluhlala njalo olutholakalayo. Zinamandla kazibuthe aphezulu futhi zingasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi amamotho, amajeneretha, nemishini yezokwelapha.
2.Ozibuthe be-cobalt baseSamarium: Lezi zibuthe zomhlaba ezingavamile zenziwe nge-samarium, i-cobalt, insimbi, nethusi, futhi zaziwa ngokuzinza kwazo kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezifana ne-aerospace nokuzivikela, kanye nakumamotho asebenza kahle kakhulu namajeneretha.
3.Ozibuthe be-Ferrite: Baziwa nangokuthi omazibuthe be-ceramic, omagnethi be-ferrite bakhiwe ngezinto zobumba ezixutshwe ne-iron oxide. Zinamandla kazibuthe aphansi kunamazibuthe asemhlabeni ayivelakancane, kodwa zithengeka kakhulu futhi zisetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlelweni ezifana nezipikha, izinjini, nozibuthe basefrijini.
4.Ozibuthe be-Alnico: Laba ozibuthe bakhiwe nge-aluminium, nickel, ne-cobalt, futhi baziwa ngamandla abo kazibuthe aphezulu kanye nokuzinza kwezinga lokushisa. Zivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zezimboni ezifana nezinzwa, amamitha, namamotho kagesi.
5.Ozibuthe Abahlanganisiwe: Lezi zidonsa zenziwa ngokuxuba impushana kazibuthe ne-binder, futhi zingenziwa zibe yizimo eziyinkimbinkimbi nosayizi. Zivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezifana nezinzwa, izingxenye zezimoto, kanye nemishini yezokwelapha.
Ukukhethwa kohlobo lukazibuthe unomphela kuncike ezidingweni ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza, okuhlanganisa amandla kazibuthe adingekayo, ukuqina kwezinga lokushisa, izindleko, kanye nezingqinamba zokukhiqiza.
Isigaba 5: Asebenza Kanjani Ozibuthe?
Ozibuthe basebenza ngokwakha inkambu kazibuthe esebenzisana nezinye izinto zikazibuthe noma namaza kagesi. Indawo kazibuthe idalwe ukuqondana kwezikhathi zikazibuthe endabeni, okuyizigxobo ezincane ezisenyakatho naseningizimu ezikhiqiza amandla kazibuthe.
Kuzibuthe unomphela, njengozibuthe webha, izikhathi zikazibuthe ziqondaniswe ngendlela ethile, ngakho-ke indawo kazibuthe iqine kakhulu ezigxotsheni futhi ibuthaka kakhulu phakathi nendawo. Uma ibekwe eduze kwento kazibuthe, inkambu kazibuthe isebenzisa amandla entweni, iheha noma iyixoshe kuye ngokuma kwezikhathi kazibuthe.
Kuzibuthe kagesi, inkambu kazibuthe yenziwa amandla kagesi ageleza kukhoyili yocingo. Amandla kagesi adala insimu kazibuthe ehambisana nesiqondiso sokugeleza kwamanje, futhi amandla kazibuthe angalawulwa ngokulungisa inani lamanje eligeleza kukhoyili. Ama-electromagnets asetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlelweni ezifana nezinjini, izipikha, namajeneretha.
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezindawo zikazibuthe namaza kagesi futhi kuyisisekelo sezinhlelo eziningi zobuchwepheshe, okuhlanganisa amajeneretha, ama-transformer, namamotho kagesi. Ngokwesibonelo, kujeneretha, ukuzungezisa kukazibuthe eduze kwekhoyili yocingo kubangela amandla kagesi ocingweni, angasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi. Enjinini kagesi, ukusebenzisana phakathi kwendawo kazibuthe yenjini kanye namanje ageleza kukhoyili yocingo kudala itorque eshayela ukuzungezisa kwenjini.
Ngokwalesi sici, singakwazi ukuklama ukuhlelwa okukhethekile kwesigxobo kazibuthe sokuhlanganisa ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla kazibuthe endaweni ekhethekile ngesikhathi somsebenzi, njenge-Halbeck.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-24-2023