Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi omazibuthe bayadingeka emishinini ye-electroacoustic njengezipikha, izipikha, namahedfoni, khona-ke yiziphi izindima ezidlalwa odonsa kumadivayisi kagesi? Ukusebenza kukazibuthe kunamuphi umphumela kukhwalithi yokuphuma komsindo? Imuphi uzibuthe okufanele asetshenziswe ezikhulumini zezimfanelo ezahlukene?
Woza uzohlola izipikha nomazibuthe bezipikha nawe namuhla.
Ingxenye eyinhloko enesibopho sokwenza umsindo kudivayisi yomsindo isipikha, esaziwa kakhulu njengesipikha. Noma ngabe isitiriyo noma ama-headphone, le ngxenye yokhiye ibalulekile. Isipikha siwuhlobo lwedivayisi yokudlulisa eguqula amasignali kagesi abe amasignali acoustic. Ukusebenza kwesikhulumi kunethonya elikhulu kukhwalithi yomsindo. Uma ufuna ukuqonda uzibuthe wesipika, kufanele uqale ngomgomo wokuzwakalayo wesipika.
Isikhulumi ngokuvamile sakhiwe izingxenye eziningana ezibalulekile njenge-T iron, uzibuthe, ikhoyili yezwi kanye ne-diaphragm. Sonke siyazi ukuthi insimu kazibuthe izokhiqizwa ocingweni oluqhubayo, futhi amandla wamanje athinta amandla kazibuthe (isiqondiso samagnetic silandela umthetho ongakwesokudla). Inkambu kazibuthe ehambisanayo iyakhiqizwa. Le nkundla kazibuthe isebenzisana nekazibuthe ekhiqizwe uzibuthe esipikheni. Lawa mandla abangela ukuba ikhoyili yezwi inyakaze ngamandla omsindo wamanje endaweni kazibuthe yesipika. I-diaphragm yesipikha nekhoyili yezwi kuxhunywe ndawonye. Lapho ikhoyili yezwi kanye ne-diaphragm yesipika zidlidliza ndawonye ukuze zisunduze umoya ozungezile ukuze udlidlize, isipikha sikhipha umsindo.
Esimeni sevolumu kazibuthe efanayo nekhoyili yezwi efanayo, ukusebenza kukazibuthe kunomthelela oqondile kukhwalithi yomsindo yesipika:
-Uma kukhulu ukuminyana kazibuthe (i-magnetic induction) B kazibuthe, kulapho kuqina khona okusebenza kulwelwesi lomsindo.
-Ukuminyana kukazibuthe okuguquguqukayo okukhulu (i-magnetic induction) B, amandla amakhulu, kanye nezinga lokucindezela komsindo we-SPL (ukuzwela).
Ukuzwela kwe-headphone kubhekisela ezingeni lokucindezela komsindo i-earphone engalikhipha lapho ikhomba i-sine wave engu-1mw no-1khz. Iyunithi yokucindezela komsindo yi-dB (decibel), ukucindezela komsindo okukhulu, ivolumu enkulu, ngakho-ke lapho ukuzwela kuphezulu, ukwehla kwe-impedance, kuba lula ngama-headphones ukukhiqiza umsindo.
-Ukuminyana kukazibuthe okuguquguqukayo okukhulu (ukuqina kazibuthe) B, inani eliphansi le-Q lengqikithi yekhwalithi yesipika.
Inani elingu-Q (i-qualityfactor) libhekisela eqenjini lamapharamitha we-coefficient yokudambisa isipikha, lapho i-Qms iwukudambisa isistimu yemishini, ebonisa ukumuncwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla ekuhambeni kwezingxenye zesipika. I-Qes iwukudambisa isistimu yamandla, ebonakala ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla kwekhoyili yezwi ukumelana ne-DC; I-Qts ingqikithi yokudambisa, futhi ubudlelwano phakathi kwalokhu okubili okungenhla yi-Qts = Qms * Qes / (Qms + Qes).
-Uma kukhulu ukuminyana kazibuthe (i-magnetic induction) B, kuba ngcono okwedlulayo.
I-Transient ingaqondwa “njengempendulo esheshayo” kusiginali, i-Qms iphakeme kakhulu. Ama-earphone anempendulo enhle yesikhashana kufanele aphendule ngokushesha nje lapho isignali ifika, futhi isignali izoma ngokushesha nje lapho ima. Isibonelo, ukuguquka ukusuka kumthofu ukuya ekuhlanganisweni kubonakala kakhulu kuzigubhu nama-symphonies ezigcawu ezinkulu.
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zozibuthe besipikha emakethe: i-aluminium nickel cobalt, i-ferrite ne-neodymium iron boron, Ozibuthe abasetshenziswa ku-electroacoustics ikakhulukazi omazibuthe be-neodymium nama-ferrites. Zikhona ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene bamasongo noma ama-disc shape. I-NdFeB ivame ukusetshenziswa emikhiqizweni ephezulu. Umsindo okhiqizwe ngozibuthe be-neodymium unekhwalithi yomsindo enhle kakhulu, ukunwebeka okuhle komsindo, ukusebenza kahle komsindo, nokuma kwenkundla yomsindo okunembile. Ngokuthembela ekusebenzeni okuhle kakhulu kwe-Honsen Magnetics, i-neodymium iron boron encane nelula yaqala ukushintsha kancane kancane ama-ferrites amakhulu futhi asindayo.
U-Alnico wayenguzibuthe wakuqala owasetshenziswa ezipikheni, njengesipikha ngeminyaka yawo-1950s kanye nawo-1960 (owaziwa ngokuthi ama-tweeter). Ngokuvamile kwenziwa isipikha samagnetic sangaphakathi (uhlobo lwamagnetic lwangaphandle luyatholakala). Ububi buwukuthi amandla mancane, ububanzi bemvamisa buncane, buqinile futhi buqinile, futhi ukucubungula akulula kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-cobalt iyinsiza eyivelakancane, futhi intengo ye-aluminium nickel cobalt iphakeme kakhulu. Ngokombono wezindleko zokusebenza, ukusetshenziswa kwe-aluminium nickel cobalt kuzibuthe zesipikha kuncane kakhulu.
Ama-Ferrite ngokuvamile enziwa abe izipikha kazibuthe zangaphandle. Ukusebenza kazibuthe kwe-ferrite kuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa, futhi ivolumu ethile iyadingeka ukuhlangabezana namandla okushayela esipika. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa izikhulumi zomsindo wevolumu enkulu. Inzuzo ye-ferrite ukuthi ishibhile futhi iyabiza; okubi ukuthi umthamo mkhulu, amandla mancane, futhi ububanzi bemvamisa buncane.
Izakhiwo kazibuthe ze-NdFeB ziphakeme kakhulu kune-AlNiCo kanye ne-ferrite futhi okwamanje zingozibuthe abasetshenziswa kakhulu kuzipikha, ikakhulukazi izikhulumi ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Inzuzo ukuthi ngaphansi kwe-flux efanayo yamagnetic, ivolumu yayo incane, amandla makhulu, futhi ububanzi bemvamisa bubanzi. Njengamanje, ama-headphone e-HiFi asebenzisa omazibuthe abanjalo. Ububi ukuthi ngenxa yezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile, intengo yezinto ezibonakalayo iphezulu.
Okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukucacisa izinga lokushisa elizungezile lapho isikhulumi sisebenza khona, futhi sinqume ukuthi yimuphi uzibuthe okufanele akhethwe ngokuvumelana nezinga lokushisa. Ozibuthe abahlukene banezici ezihlukene zokumelana nezinga lokushisa, futhi izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lokusebenza abangalisekela nalo lihlukile. Uma izinga lokushisa likazibuthe lendawo yokusebenza lidlula izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokusebenza, izenzakalo ezifana nokunciphisa ukusebenza kazibuthe kanye nokukhishwa kazibuthe kungase kwenzeke, okuzothinta ngokuqondile umphumela womsindo wesipika.
